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Lyonel Feininger

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Lyonel Feininger was born on July 17, 1871, in New York City. When he was 16 years old he began studying art, attending schools in Hamburg, Berlin, and Paris from 1887 to 1892. After completing his studies, he worked as a freelance cartoonist and illustrator in Berlin before moving to Paris, where, in 1907, he made his first oil painting. In 1917, he had his first solo exhibition at Galerie Der Sturm in Berlin. One year after his solo exhibition, in 1918, Feininger started making woodcuts. He became enamored with woodcuts, producing an impressive 117 in his first year of learning the medium. In 1919 he was appointed as the first master at the newly formed Staatliches Bauhaus in Weimar. His woodcut of a cathedral crowned by three stars illustrated the cover of the Bauhaus manifesto. It was among the 76 woodblocks he cut that year. He also published a portfolio of 12 woodcuts plus a title page, which has the distinction of being the school’s first publication. In 1921, Feininger became master of form and head of the Bauhaus printing workshop. Together with Walter Gropius, he initiated a series of print portfolios. By 1926, he had cut 256 woodblocks. That same year he moved with the Bauhaus to its new location in Dessau, where he published a portfolio of 10 woodcuts. From 1929 to 1931, Feininger worked on a series of paintings of the city of Halle (Saale). In 1935, the National Socialists (Nazis) declared his art “degenerate.” As the Nazis gained power, Feininger and his wife, Julia, determined that life in Germany was untenable. In 1937, after nearly 50 years in the country, he and his family left for the United States. He eventually settled back in New York. In 1942, Feininger received a purchase prize from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Two years later, he was granted a retrospective with Marsden Hartley at The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Feininger died on January 13, 1956.

CV

Due to political pressure the Bauhaus in Weimar is closed. Feininger’s acclaim in the United States continues to grow. In New York, Galka Scheyer organizes the first exhibition of the Blue Four.

1926

The Bauhaus relocates to Dessau and Feininger moves into one of the master’s houses. On his request he discontinues teaching but remains a master at the Bauhaus. Ten of his woodcuts are published by the Euphorion-Verlag.

1927

Alfred H. Barr, Jr., the director of the Museum of Modern Art, New York, visits Feininger in Dessau. Exhibitions in Germany and the United States further establish his reputation.

1929

Represented with seven works in the exhibition “Paintings by Nineteen Living American” at the Museum of Modern Art, New York. The city of Halle commissions him to execute one oil painting of the town. He moves into a studio at the tower of the museum in the Moritzburg. In the next two years he will execute eleven paintings and numerous drawings and watercolors of Halle.

1931

Retrospective exhibitions are shown at Neue Kunst Fides in and subsequently at the Folkwang-Museum, Essen, and travels the Nationalgalerie, Berlin.

1933

Spends the summer in Deep, and the fall and winter in Berlin-Wannsee.

1934

Rents an apartment in Berlin-Siemensstadt.

1935

His work has been categorized as degenerate art by the Nazi regime. Alfred Neumeyer invites him to teach at Mills College in Oakland, California.

1936

Travels with Julia to New York and then to San Diego. Teaches during the summer at Mills College where his first one-person show in the United States is held. Travels back to Berlin in the fall via Hamburg and Stockholm.

1937

After more than 50 years he decides to leave Germany. On June 11 Feininger and his wife leave permanently for the USA. More than 400 works are confiscated by the Nazis. Twenty-two of them are displayed in the exhibition “Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art).” Teaches again a summer course at Mills College. Settles in New York. Designs murals for the Marine Transportation Building at the 1939 New York World’s Fair.

1938

Moves to 235 East 22nd Street where he will live until his death. Designs murals for the Masterpieces of Art Building at the 1939 New York World’s Fair.

1939

Paints his first painting after his arrival in the USA.

1940

Manhattan skyscrapers become a new theme in Feininger’s work. Spends this and the following summers in Falls Village, Connecticut.

1942

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, awards him a price for the painting Gelmeroda XIII, 1936, which is shown in the “Artists for Victory” exhibition.

1943

Solo-exhibition at Willard Gallery, New York. Awarded price by the Worcester Art Museum.

1944

Begin of his friendship with Mark Tobey. First major retrospective with Marsden Hartley at the Museum of Modern Art, New York.

1945

Teaches summer course at Black Mountain College in Ashville, North Carolina. Spends the fall and the summer of the following years in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

1947

Elected president of the Federation of American Painters and Sculptors.

1949

Spends the summer in Center Moriches, Long Island, and the fall in Falls Village and Boston. Laureate at the International Exhibition of the Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh. Exhibits together with Jacques Villon at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston. Spends the summer in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Designs murals for the ship SS Constitution.

1951

Spends the summer at Walter Gropius’ house in Lincoln, Massachusetts.

1953

Spends the summer in Josef Albers’ in New Haven, Connecticut.

1954

Mark Tobey visits him in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

1955

Elected member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters. Becomes honorary vice-president of the Federation of American Painters and Sculptors.

1956

Feininger dies on January 13 in his apartment in New York City.

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